Az angol nyelv kiejtésének megértése és tanítása egyesek számára különösen bonyolult lehet, mert a helyes kiejtéshez gyakran szükség van a hangokról és azok kapcsolatairól szóló pontos jelölésekre. Az alábbiakban a nemzetközi fonetikai ábécé (IPA) alapelveit, a typikai angol hangkészletet és a jelölések használatának főbb szempontjait tárgyaljuk, kizárólag az eredeti szövegben megadott mondatok sorrendjében és tartalmával összhangban.
Mi az IPA, és minek felel meg?
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a phonetic notation system that is used to show how different words are pronounced. The tables above represent pronunciations of common phonemes in general North American English. Speakers of some dialects may have different sounds in certain words represented in the tables.
The IPA was first introduced in the late 1800s by a group of French and English language specialists, and it was based on previous efforts to come up with a universal system of representing spoken language in writing. Its aim was to solve three major issues that arise with most languages’ writing systems: Spelling and pronunciation don’t always go hand in hand. Many writing systems make it tricky to break down a word’s exact sounds. English is a prime example, and is notorious for its finicky spelling and confusing pronunciation rules. But in IPA, distinct symbols go with each sound. This clarification is one of the biggest benefits of IPA.
So, as we’ve seen, many languages have a different way of using the same letters, even if they appear to be identical. One of the biggest benefits of the IPA system as a language learner is that it enables you to quickly see how things are pronounced.
Az angol beszédhangok alapvető osztályozása
The IPA separates its symbols by the types of sounds they represent. Vowels are categorized together, as are consonants. These groups are broken down further into, for example, short vowels, long vowels, and different types of consonants.
The IPA chart is broken down into several sub-charts, with a few terms that are helpful to know: Pulmonic consonants. Pulmonic consonants are made with air that flows from your lungs, and even though it’s just one subcategory of consonants, it’s an important one! All spoken languages that we know of have pulmonic consonants, and most languages-including English-only have consonants from this category.
Szembetűnő példák a hangokról
The symbol ʌ represents the short vowel sound made in words such as love, money, and fun. The symbol ʊ represents the short vowel sound heard in the words put, look, and should. The IPA has more complex symbols for diphthong vowels. Diphthongs are sounds formed from two vowels pronounced together. The IPA combines symbols to form the official character representations of diphthongs. For instance, the symbol ɪə represents the e and a sounds used in the words weird and appear.
Fricative consonants are made from the friction of breath in a narrow space of the mouth. The fricative sh can be heard in words such as shirt and bash and is symbolized as ʃ in the IPA. The IPA's ʒ symbol represents a slightly different kind of sh sound: the one heard in the words measure and treasure. Another kind of consonant is a plosive. Plosives are pronounced by using the lips, teeth, or roof of the mouth (palate) to stop airflow from the mouth. One example is the p sound of words such as purple and pie, and represented in the IPA simply as p. Affricates are consonants that combine plosives with fricatives. Examples are the j sound heard in the words manage and joy and the ch sound of the words chime and watch. The IPA symbol dʒ represents the j sound, while ʈʃ represents the ch sound.
The IPA also features symbols for nasal and approximant consonants. Nasals are sounds made by the flow of air through the nostrils. An example is the m sound, represented in the IPA as a simple m. Approximants are consonants that can sound somewhat like vowels. The y sound, for example, can sound like a long e, as in the words yesterday and yellow. The IPA depicts the y sound with the letter j.
Az IPA története és fő célja
French linguist and educator Paul Passy devised the IPA and had it published by his International Phonetic Association in the late 1880s in Paris. The IPA categorizes spoken sounds according to where and how the human mouth forms them. The association released the first IPA chart that year. It featured symbols for thirty consonants and thirteen vowels and several diacritics. Diacritics are accent marks or other symbols placed above or below letters to indicate the letters are to be pronounced differently than unaccented letters.
The association revised the IPA in 1888. The new version's symbols represented the sounds made in English, French, and German, and each sound was now represented by only one symbol across all languages. Passy and his partners in the association were so committed to publicizing the IPA that the original name of their organization, the Phonetic Teachers' Association, was initially written in IPA characters as Dhi Fonètik Tîcerz' Asóciécon. Passy remained active in the International Phonetic Association into his later years. The International Phonetic Association revised and updated the IPA several times in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. In 1994, the organization created a set of extensions to the IPA.
Hogyan használjuk az IPA-t a gyakorlati kiejtésben?
The IPA features one symbol for each speech sound. That symbol is always used to represent that sound, even if the same sound can be produced with numerous spellings, as in the -f sound in the words proof and graph. The IPA separates its symbols by the types of sounds they represent. Vowels are categorized together, as are consonants. These groups are broken down further into, for example, short vowels, long vowels, and different types of consonants.
Vowels: Backness, height, and roundedness are fontos tényezők a magánhangzók leírásához. A magánhangzó-vázlat segít megérteni, hogy a nyelv mely pontokon emelkedik vagy süllyed a szájban a hangok kiejtése során. Pulmonikus és nem-pulmonikus hangok közti különbségek ismerete segít a hangok pontos meghatározásában.
In addition to pulmonic consonants and vowels, there are many, many other important details represented by the IPA. These include: Non-pulmonic consonants. Remember that no language uses all of the signals in the IPA chart; focus on what is relevant for you and your language learning goals.
Gyakorlati tanácsok
Practice, practice, practice! Your mouth and brain need help learning these new positions, just like a muscle when you begin a new sport. First, notice what sounds both languages have in common, then move on to the sounds your new language has that aren’t in English. You might also notice that both languages share lots of sounds, but your new language doesn’t always use them where you’d expect-or use the same letters to represent them!
